Developmental Theory, Moral Development, and Gender and Cultural Influences

Most hoi polloi be upset(a) almost how human beingss spring up, mature, and break off a unique one-on-oneality. This research report card allowing discuss the two opposite theories of Kohlberg and Erikson pertaining to humans singleizedity, good splitment, and their sex activity and cultural remainders.It impart pile up pardon the character of for each one detail of human training in shaping a real aspect of their behavior, and how it changes e preciseplace a period of time. tuitional Theory, Moral organic evolution, and sexual practice and Cultural Influences Human beings start to develop from the time of their origin and depart forever change and develop until they reach the correspond of adulthood. in that location be many theories that attempt to explain how human beings develop their mortalalities and identities over a period of time. Looking at the incompatible theoretical views in psychology, it peck be real confusing and misleading in terms of how an case-by-case matures and develops.However, these theories leave further explain and almosthow let masses understand the entire process of outgrowth and learning of an case-by-case. Two informational theories bequeath be discussed in this paper, as hale as their similarities and differences.The paper to a fault aims to commit how these theories affect the development of an individual from birth to adulthood. The theories to be discussed atomic number 18 Erik Eriksons possibility of psychosociable development and Lawrence Kohlbergs stratums of righteous development.Eriksons homunculus of Psychosocial DevelopmentErik Erikson is a developmental psychologist who believes that a soulfulness develops their character in a serial publication of spirit direct and ages. Eriksons surmise describes the blow of social experience across the whole animationspan. Eriksons model of psychosocial development is a very significant, highly regarded, and meaning ful thought.Erikson unquestion able the eighter exhibits of psychosocial development of an individual. In each compass point, he believes that race experience problems and conflicts in manner thus, it serves as a turning guide in a souls development throughout his or her flavour puts. These problems atomic number 18 expected to develop or impede the psychological ability of an individual (Wagner, 2008). The first lay out of Eriksons developmental surmise is the Trust vs. Mistrust. This occurs between births and when a tyke reaches one year old. It is verbalise to be the intimately fundamental set in keep.It is a order where a infant learns to trust the hoi polloi about much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the m separatewise or pargonnts who are expected to be in that location and provide them with their vital needs uniform care, love, trust and food. Since an infant is absolutely dependent, exploitation trust is usually based on dependability and quality of th e sisters care sendrs.If a nipper finally develops trust, he or she will now tint secure living in the gentleman. On the another(prenominal) hand, if trust is not developed in this storey, a sister may develop fear and a regain that he or she lives in an maverick and conflicting milieu (Chelsi, 2006). The second stage occurs when a child becomes a toddler.This stage is called Autonomy Vs Shame and Doubt. In this stage of development, beforehand(predicate) childhood is focused on enhancing a greater sense of constituentl control. For instance, when a child learns to control certain parts of his or her body the like toilet training and tuition how to walk, and so he or she will constitute a sense of control.This child will tonicity independent as well and develop a sense of autonomy to do some topic on his or her ingest. However, if the child fails to attain individualal control, it will egress in feelings of shame and doubt (Wolfe, 2007). spot iii of Eriksons hypothesis is called first vs.Guilt.This stage happens when a child becomes pre inform already between the ages of four and five. In this stage, a child become more bustling and will play and explore a lot. It is to a fault where a child develops a conscience and begins to understand what is right from wrong.Support is extremely needed in this stage because if it is not present, feelings of guilt can develop and will be the source of conflict after(prenominal) in the childs life (Wagner, 2008). Fourth stage in this theory is Industry vs. Inferiority. This stage occurs when a child reaches the age of 2-12 years old and when they witness early school.Every child needs to feel that he or she has achieved something in either work he or she does, most especially in school. That is why school is very important in this stage of development. If a child constantly successfully achieves something with the use of his or her own acquisition or ability, there will be a greater chance th at the child will feel proud and confident(p) within him- or herself. On the other hand, if the child fails to achieve something, it may exit in feelings of inferiority and low egoism in the childs nature (Wagner, 2008). Identity vs. Confusion makes up the ordinal stage of Eriksons theory.This stage takes browse during the adolescence period of an individual. Adolescents will try to assure their identity and figure out their soulality and where they should belong in the world. It is the stage wherein a child begins experimenting since it is a way to list him- or herself. If the child was not able to discover and feel him- or herself, whence there will be role and identity confusion in them. Consequently, he or she will be confused with his or her function in the world and can cause dilemma later on in the next stages of life (Chelsi, 2006).The sixth stage of this theory is impropriety vs. IsolationThis happens during early adulthood between the ages of 18 and 40. It is a stage wherein a person explores personal kin, specifically intimate relationships with other people. Thus, in this stage, people begin to assure and find a attendant to marry.Those who are successful will achieve a sense of intimacy and security from their partner or other people, while disaster to do so may allow in isolation and feeling of desolation and depression (Wagner, 2008). Stage seven occurs at the age of 40 to 65, and it is called Generativity vs. Stagnation. In this stage, an individual continues to build lives but focuses now with life story and family.This is where a person learns to care and be come to for other people. Being supple and participative in the world is what people feel if they succeed in this stage. However, having less self-worth is what people would feel if they fail to meet this stage successfully (Wagner, 2008). Lastly, the eighth stage in Eriksons theory is called right vs. despondency. This occurs in old age between ages cardinal and up. It is a stage where people impression back on their life and theorize on what happened.There may be a feeling of satisfaction or regret. They will withstand a sense of integrity when they feel happy and fulfilled with what happened in their life, while they may feel despair and bitterness if they think that their life was righteous a waste. Life is full of learning new things and challenges that help people grow and develop. This theory of Erikson is truly helpful for apprehension a child and adults development (Wagner, 2008). The six stages of Eriksons theory is connect to the sex differences of an individual, with the fifth stage (Identity vs.Confusion) being the more crucial.This is because in this stage, it is state that people are try to look for their real personality and identity by choosing where they should belong and knowing their purpose in life (Streitmatter, 1993). Environmental, cultural, and heathenity factors are present in the whole stage of a persons d evelopment. These factors influence an individual over the period of time when a person matures and lives his or her life. Environment such as the family, school, and the whole society is always puddle-to doe with in the process.In addition, a certain elaboration and ethnicity of a person may give a great influence as well in shaping an individuals personality, which makes them a certain persona living and surgery in the world. There may be a finis that is acceptable to the norms of a specific chemical group of people, but so that specific acculturation may not be usual and not acceptable to the other, so it is very important to know withal where a person originated so that a person may understand why some people has unlike beliefs, values, and behavior in life ( nestling Development, 2006).Kohlbergs Developmental type of Moral Development Kohlbergs theory is quite distinct from Eriksons theory. His theory focuses on the clean development. It is divided into three levels with two different stages on each level, which gives a total of six different stages of moral development. Level one is the pre- recipeal ethics level, and it has two stages. The first stage is the homage and penalisation orientation. It is a stage wherein a child learns what is right and wrong actions and behavior.Children also learn in this stage that for all(prenominal) action they make they will gain a certain consequences of it. For example, if a child does something right(a), then they will be rewarded. On the other hand, if a child does something bad, then they will know that there will be a certain punishment and consequences for their actions. The second stage under pre-conventional level is called individualism and exchange. At this stage, a child learns to be matter toed not unaccompanied for himself or herself but for other people as well.Children start to learn reciprocality and stand in the position of doing something for other people if it is for his or her se lf-interest. Hence, the child will follow a certain shape if he or she knows that she or he will gain something from it. Children at this stage are very focused and relate with fairness and equality. The justice here is do unto others what as they do unto to you. Thus, if a person does something practiced to someone, then he or she expects that the person will do something not bad(predicate) to him or her as well.The same thing happens if a person does something bad to somebody he or she then can expect that the person will do something bad to him or her in income tax return (Crain, 1985). Level two is conventional morality, and the tercet stage is good interpersonal relationships.In this stage, children do something because they already know that it is good, and they will be able to have good relationship with family, classmates, friends, and neighbors. They now know the concepts of trust, care, love, and being concern with other people, giving them a good impression of the mselves from other peoples perspective.In this stage, children aim to please people or so them, and intentions are basically all good, since they are very concerned with having a good image to portray in the society, and since they are expected to behave in a way that the society asks them to behave. Fourth stage is maintaining the social order. It is still quite related to the third stage, but in this stage, a person become fully concerned not only the people around them but the whole society and environment already.Now in this stage, a person learns about obeying laws and respecting the people and the authority, and they focus on performing a certain duty so that there will be a social order in the society. mess at this stage will be knowledgeable about the societal law, and they are automatically expected to abide such laws that are imposed into their society and environment (Crain, 1985). Next is level three, and it is called the post-conventional morality where the rifle tw o stages lies ahead. The fifth stage is social contract and individual rights.During this stage, an individual believes and looks into his or her own moral values and principles in life and becomes aware that it should be also good for the society. People develop their own opinions, beliefs, and values in life in this stage.They also understand that codes of conduct are relative to their social group. This varies from culture to culture and subgroup to subgroup. A person enters into an agreement with feller human beings to treat them fairly and nicely and to respect authority when it is equally moral and deserved. Lastly, the sixth stage is called the universal principles.This stage involves the universal ethical principles in an individuals life. A person uses his or her conscience and their own ethical principles to set what is right and wrong behavior and actions. here(predicate) people are motivated by their conscience that surpasses cultural, religious, or social convention rules (Uncgrad, 2007). Kohlbergs theory and stages of moral development is said to affect the gender differences, environmental, cultural, and ethnic influences in ways. A research says that gender differences have no effect in the moral judgment of a person.However, they detect that female are more plausibly to mature than male in the young stage, making female more groundbreaking when it comes to moral reasoning. Research states that girls are loosely about two years ahead of boys in cerebral cortical and social-cognitive functioning (Silberman & Snarey, 2007). On the other hand, factors such as the environment, culture, and ethnicity of a person have a great effect also in developing a persons moral judgment since these are factors that are always present in an individuals life.For instance, when two different races such as Western people and Asian people are compared, the difference in culture and beliefs is very limpid that it is only likely that they will have differe nt moral judgment (Mulder, 1997). twain theories of Kohlberg and Erikson critically discuss and explain how a person builds their personality and moral development in the life span of an individual.Understanding twain different stages of Kohlberg and Erikson will also veto people from having conflicts and dilemmas in facing and transaction with life since people already know the sources and origins of humans personality and moral development.ReferencesChelsi (2006). Erik Eriksons Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development. Associated Content.Crain, W.C (1985). Chapter Seven Kohlbergs stages of moral development. Theories ofDevelopment (pp. 118-136). US Prentice-Hall.Mulder, B. (1997). Moral Developments Development Recent Research. Hope College.Retrieved October 14, 2008 from http//www.hope.edu/academic/psychology/335/webrep/moraldev.html.Quintana, S. M. , et al. (2006). Race, Ethnicity, and Culture in Child DevelopmentContemporary Research and Future Directions. Child Development, 77 (5), 1129-1141.Silberman M. A & Snarey J. (2007). sex differences in moral developmentduring early adolescence The contribution of sex-related variations in maturation. Current Psychology, 12 (2), 163-171.Streitmatter, J. (1993). Gender differences in identity development An examination oflongitudinal data. Adolescence, 28, 5566.Uncgrad, (2007). Kohlbergs Stages of Development. Associated Content. Retrieved October 14, 2008 fromhttp//www.associatedcontent.com/ word/461832/kohlbergs_stages_of_development html?cat=7.Van Wagner, K. (2005). Stages of Psychosocial Development. About.comRetrieved October 14, 2008 fromhttp//psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/psychosocial.htm.Wolfe Good (2007). Erik Homburger Eriksons Grid of Psychosocial Stages of puerilityDevelopment. Associated Content. Retrieved October 14, 2008 fromhttp//www.associatedcontent.com/article/299357/erik_homburger_eriksons_grid_of_psychosocial.html?cat=58.