Causes And Effects Of Land Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

Causes And do Of dry land contaminant surroundingsal Sciences EssayThe object of this project is to gain a more(prenominal)(prenominal) a holistic and deep shoot down the stairsstanding of the intelligent and Regulatory simulation governing knowledge domain Pollution in India By looking into the bloodline of environment we to a lower placestand how the society till date has shaped and what is the Causes and Effects of Land Pollution and what contri simplyion the police has given . A nonher truly signifi drive outceant object of this project is to infrastand what the need of Environmental equity in the society was.The method of research gulled is doctrinal in nature. I know referred sources on the net as well as a few books on Environmental Law available in the university library besides adding my soulfulnessal views and knowledge of the topic.Land contaminant is the defilement of the Earths bolt down surface through misuse of the state by distressing agricu ltural pr dressices, mineral exploitation, in remainsrial elope dumping, and indiscriminate governing of urban godforsakens. It take ons visible furious and litter as well as pollution of the mark itself.Soil pollution is ca utilise by chemicals in herbicides and pesticides for agricultural activities as well as littering of redundance sensibles in exoteric places such as streets, parks and roads. The accumulation of fluffland is a threat to the health of community in residential beas and exhaust decays in both(prenominal) lawsuit make headways household pests and turns urban landing fields into unsightly, seedy and unhealthy places to cognise in. These lines resolving in the loss of 6 zillion hect ares of land each form. It in addition results in the loss of 24 gazillion tons of topsoil each year and a loss of at least 15 million acres of prime agricultural land to overuse and mismanagement every year. Some measures of land pollution are through th e education of plurality through campaigns, recycling to reduce wastes. Laws fall in also been passed by governments to deal with land pollution.When we hear a person describe a place as dirty, what usu bothy comes to our minds is the bad assign of the place. The place, which could be your bedroom, is imagined to swallow clothes scattered on the floor and books unarranged on the shelf. However, I define the word dirty in a more specific manner. Dirty in my definition, means that there are fight or litter on the floor. This makes the atmosphere of that certain place repellent not only to the eye, notwithstanding also to the mind. Land pollution is thence the dirtying of the land. It comes round referable to inconsiderate dumping of waste, littering and ineffective waste disposition methods.Mixing of harmful substances with soil is called land pollution. When the natural soil gets mixed with the harmful and virulent elements due to various means, it pollutes the soil and a lters its sea captain physical and chemical characteristics. Animals waste too pollutes land.The effect of such soil pollution is quite harmful and knockout on world deportment as well as on plants and animals. Soil pollution tardily and steadily causes environment and air pollution as well by vaporization of various harmful chemicals from the contaminated land. Polluted land results into nurture pollution of plants and ground water resources which ultimately leads to polluting entire web of food chain in the ecosystem.Chapter 1 Causes and Effects of Land Pollution hoi polloi across the globe rent been facing a in the public eye(predicate)ation of health conundrums caused due to the pollution of land, water and air. Talking close to land pollution, it has about of the closely devastating effect on both nature and resistly beings. Land pollution is characterized by the contaminant of Earths surface, where humans and other creatures live. one of the major causes of land pollution is human activities. Given below is cop information about the main causes and harmful effects of land pollution. 1.1 Causes of Land PollutionThe disposal of non-biodegradable wastes, including containers, feeding bottles and ordures do of plastic, used cars and electronic goods, leads to the pollution of land.The assist of mining leads to the formation of piles of coal and slag. When these wastes are not abandoned through proper(ip) channel, they are accumulated and contaminate the land.Industrial wastes are major contrisolelyors of land pollution. Dumping of toxic materials such as chemicals and paints makes the areas contact the industries, look very filthy.Improper treatment of sewage leads to the accumulation of self-coloureds, such as biomass sludge. These solid wastes overflow through the sewage, making the entire area look dirty.1PopulationIndia is the second most populous country in the world with more than 1 billion people.This large population is al so an environmental challenge for the world.Soil ErosionThis is the biggest problem. Wind also acquired immune deficiency syndrome in expanding the ever-increasing desert conditions of the Rajasthan desert. Similarly, m each ports are now covered in sand for the same reasons.De radicalstationAlthough the British started deforestation in India, the pressures to develop since the partition of 1947 drive home only increased the rates of deforestation. The mercurial exploitation of cities and the rapid construction of factories to help feed the thirst for scotch exploitation have come at the cost of Indias woodlands. These policies not only harmed the trees but the indigenous peoples that had long thrived among the trees throughout India.2. Effects of Land PollutionTonnes and tonnes of house servant wastes are dumped every day. Since people do not follow proper methods for the disposal of such wastes, it leaves the places look dirty and makes them unhealthy.Land pollution indirectl y affects the respiratory system of human beings. Breathing in polluted dust or particle can result in a number of health problems related to the respiratory system.2Skin problems are often diagnosed due to land pollution. It is said that the untoward disposal of household wastes leads to allergic reactions on the scrape.Land pollution has been found as one of the leading causes for take in defects. Pregnant women living in unhealthy and dirty environment can incur breathing problems and a number of diseases, which may affect the health of the baby as well.Land pollution has serious effect on wildlife. Flora, which provides food and shelter to wildlife, are destroyed.Land pollution often disrupts the relaxation of Nature, causing human fatalities.Chapter 2 Legal framework governing Land Pollution in India2.1 Policy under the Five-Year Plan.Indias development plans balance economic development and environmental concerns. The preparation process is guided by the principles of sust ainable development. There has been an evolutionary process for mainstreaming environmental nurseion in Indias provision process. The first formal recognition of the need for integrated environmental planning was made when the Union Government constituted the National Committee on Environmental Planning and Coordination (NCEPC) in 1972. The concern for environmental harm came to the fore especially during the Sixth Five-Year Plan (1980-85), which contained a separate provision for environmental degradation. Steps were also taken for water, air, noise, and land pollution.32.2 penning of Indiaa) The States responsibility with conceive to environmental guard has been displace down under term 48-A of our disposition, which reads as follows The State shall endeavour to protect and purify the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.b) Environmental protection is a fundamental province of every citizen of this country under Article 51-A(g) of our Co nstitution which reads as followsIt shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures.c) Article 21 of the Constitution is a fundamental upright which reads as followsNo person shall be deprived of his life or personal license except gibe to procedure established by law.d) Article 48-A of the Constitution comes under Directive Principles of State Policy and Article 51 A(g) of the Constitution comes under Fundamental Duties.e) The States responsibility with meet to raising the level of alimentation and the normal of living and to improve public health has been laid down under Article 47 of the Constitution which reads as followsThe State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the value of public health as among its primary duties and, in particular, the State shall effort to bring about proh ibition of the consumption except for medicinal purposes of intoxicate drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health.h) The 42nd amendment to the Constitution was brought about in the year 1974 makes it the responsibility of the State Government to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country. The latter, under Fundamental Duties, makes it the fundamental duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures.2.3 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 was introduced as an umbrella legislation that provides a holistic framework for the protection and improvement to the environment.In terms of responsibilities, the Act and the associated Rules requires for obtaining environmental clearances for specific types of tonic / expansion projects (addressed under Environmental Impact Assessment Notif ication, 1994) and for submission of an environmental statement to the State Pollution Control Board annually.2.4 tempestuous decamps (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989,as revise in 2000Waste refers to a material that has no utility program for a person. Although natural waste can be disposed off and recycled or composted, it is the toxic, non-degradable waste of plastic and electronic goods that is becoming a mounting problem for India and other developing nations. Besides the contribution of households, garbage is also generated by industries, agriculture and mining.4The Hazardous Waste Rules applied to Management and Handling of 18 categories of wast likeCyanide wastesMetal finishing wastesWaste containing water disintegrable chemicals compounds of lead, copper, zinc, chromium, barium, and antimonyMercury, arsenic, thallium, and cadmium and antimonyNon-halogenated hydro carbons including earnntsHalogenated hydro carbons including solventsWastes from paints, pigments, glu e, varnish and printing inkWastes from dyes and dye-intermediates containing inorganic chemical compoundsWastes from dyes and dye-intermediates containing organic chemical compoundsWaste oil and oil emulsions lounge around wastes from refining and tar residue from distillation or pyro lytic treatment gunk arising from treatment of waste water containing heavy metals, toxic organic, oils, emulsion and played out chemical and incineration ashPhenolsAsbestosWastes from manufacturing of pesticides and herbicides and residues from pesticides and herbicides formulations unitsAcid wastesOff specification and discarded products discarded container liners of doubtful and toxic chemicals and wastes.5The Problem of Disposal of Hazardous Waste and its DangersThe incisive increase in waste generation is not matched by facilities for disposal of hazardous waste. In India, waste is any burnt or right buried at a place. The sharp increase in the quantum of generated waste and the inadequate spa ce for its disposal has led to improper methods of disposal. Consequently, problems like contamination of ground water and increased air pollution have emerged as serious threats to general health and life. The municipal workers are most modify people by the occupational danger (hazard) of waste handling they stimulate from illness like eye problems respiratory problems, gastro and skin problems.6While the improper disposal of solid waste can result in environmental and health problems, the growing quantum of electronic waste poses a massive danger to our ecological system. Electronic equipment waste ranging from personal computers, optical disc players and expeditious phones contains toxic materials like lead, cadmium, mercury, flame retardants and leaching plastics. If this waste is left un treat in landfills or dumps (as is the case in India), it will result in irreparable loss to the life in the soil, water and the atmosphere, consequently adversely impacting human health and ecology. People working in areas refinement to these landfill areas or areas where electronic waste is stored are in danger of stern health problems like damage to the kidneys, swelling of the brain, interference with regulatory hormones, skin problems, cancer and neurological and respiratory disorders.Indian Laws relating to Disposal of Hazardous WasteIn India, the Environment Protection Act, 1986, authorizes the central government to take all measures deemed necessary or expedient to protect the quality of environment and foresee any type of pollution. Hence, the Government of India has framed the Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and Hazardous Waste (Storage Export and Import) Rules, 1989 to regulate the disposal of hazardous waste in India.7These rules make it mandatory for any organization to seek the permission of the local anaesthetic state pollution control board for grant of authorization for carrying hazardous substances in the form of collectio n, reception, treatment, transport, storage and disposal of such wastes.In late(a) judgement of Rajasthan High court in the Suo Motu action taken against the administration of Jaipur city, Justice D. V. Singh held that right to life includes the right to food, clothing, shelter, right to reasonable allowance to live in, right to descent environment and also right to live in comely city. Even in the case of municipal Council, Ratlam V. Vardichand8, the case which was the beginning point of environment jurisprudence in India in which arbitrator Krishna Iyer attributed the pollution free environment and public health with that of Human right aspect. Judgment and decisions of the judiciary have proved that pollution free environment and cleanse city is facet of right-hand(a) to life.The Basel conveningWhich was signed by India on 22 September, 1992, sought to regulate the garbage imperialism or toxic terrorism, as it was called, indulged in by the Organisation for the Economic Co exercise and Development (OECD) countries towards Non-OECD Countries. The Basel Convention envisaged that in the beginning of year 1998, there will be cease ban on exports of hazardous waste but it could not go on for obvious reasons. Besides so many cardinal clauses in the Basel Convention, the most cardinal one is that the country which is importing hazardous waste should have facilities to dispose of the waste in an environmentally sound manner.Final Legal Take Away TipThe government of India has proposed a new inured of rules called the E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2010. This provides for making the producer of electrical and electronic equipment responsible for the collection and allot disposal of e-waste generated at the end of the product life.9Besides banning the import of used electrical and electronic equipment for charity in the country, these new rules also aim to regulate not only the producers, but also the recyclers and intermediaries.2.5 Law Relating to Bio- medical checkup Waste ManagementThe hospital wastes attracted the attention of the autocratic Court as early as in 1994 when a writ petition was filed under Article 32 of the Constitution against the concerned authorities to provide clean and health environment. Issue of improper hospital waste management was the crux of the case in B.L. Wadhera v. Union of India10The court gave series of directions. The most important among them are1. All hospitals with 50 beds and preceding(prenominal) should install incinerators or any of effective alternative method under their own administrative control.2. The incinerator or alternative methods should be fitted with necessary pollution control apparatus, approved and confident(p) to the standards laid down by the interchange Pollution control Board.3. The Central Pollution control Board and the State Pollution Control Boards should order send its inspection teams in different areas to ascertain that the collection, transportatio n and disposal garbage/wastes is carried out satisfactorily. Under the Indian punishable Code, 1860 a polluter of the environment can also be punished if he does an act which causes any common injury, danger of annoyance to the public or to the people in general then the act may be treated as public as defined under Section 268 and the offender may be treated punished under Section 290 or 291 of the Code, There are also penal provision under a situation which either causes, or destroys, or diminishes the value or utility of any property, of affects the property injuriously as provided under the Section 426, 230, 231, and 432 of the Indian Penal Code. This differently means that if any person who generates, collects, receives, stores, transport, treated, disposes or handles bio-medical wastes in any form shall be treated as a contravener of the above penal provisions.11There should be concerted efforts of government for spreading the cognisance among the people about the importance of cleanliness and protection of environment through the conversation media as well as organizing awareness camps at local levels.12Bio Medical (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998The Bio-medical Rules came into existence in 1998 through a notification in representative of the powers conferred by Sections 6, 8 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.Bio-medical Rules is the first of its kind of guinea pig law in whole South- East Asian Region in recounting to bio-medical waste management. The definition of Bio-medical waste is very comprehensive and broad one.National legislation is the basis for improving health care waste practices in any country. There should be a clear title of responsibilities before the law is enacted. Unfortunately, Indian law fails to come up to the standard prescribed by the World Health Organization.The Committee on hearty Management13recommends that bio-medical waste should be refrained from throwing on the streets or open places as well as into municipal dust bins or the domestic waste collection sites. This means majority of the institutions still managed to throw the bio-medical waste municipal bins near to their premises. So it can be said that utter adversity of the law in implementing it.The Rules is very wide and includes the occupier who generates bio-medical waste.The Rules which speak about setting up of incinerator or any other alternative mechanism in a hospital. Let us presume that the all the hospitals have set up the incinerator. Has the Pollution Control Board equipped with becoming infrastructures to check and each and every incinerator of a hospital in relation its operation and emission standards?14Just by imposing deadline regarding setting up of incinerator even after it has been discarded by western countries or any other methods. The incinerator should be used at it optimum level otherwise the waste may not be treated properly.In a hospital environment, technologies like incineration fail b ecause untrained janitor staff fits them. Most of the surveys incinerators run at temperatures lower than those specified in the rules. Due to poor operation and maintenance, these incinerators do not destroy the waste, need a lot of render to run, and are often out of order.If every hospital has an incinerator definitely it cannot be used its optimum level as the amount infectious waste is less. This leads improper treatment of bio-medical waste. The result is obvious causing danger to human health and the environmentGenerally waste is disposed through incineration by heating minimum 1000 o C. Due to failure of hold open supply of electricity the heat will not raise up to prescribed level. The result is not completion of disposal of waste according to the rules.2.6 The municipal strong Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000This defined municipal solid waste as commercial and residential wastes generated in a municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi-solid form e xcluding industrial hazardous wastes but includes treated bio-medical wastes.According to Purden Anderson, refuse and solid waste are about the same thing, Garbage is food waste, grouch and Rubbish are rough equivalent terms they contain little or no garbage. Trash frequently refers to grass and shrubbery clippings, papers, glass, cans and other household wastes.15Rubbis is also likely to include demolition materials like brick, broken concrete, and discarded roofing and lumber. It has hike up been handsome that solid waste includes discarded and abandoned appliances tank autos, mine and cook up waste, agricultural, lumbering, hospital, research laboratories and industries. Some industrial wastes are toxic or hazardous.It is important to ascertain the nature of waste whether it is biodegradable or combustible in handling and disposal of solid waste. Combustion and landfill method of disposal further gives rise to problems like air, water and land pollution, touch on adversely the health of the man, and flora and fauna. Apart from household, office waste, the waste from industries within the city precincts have become a threatening problem now-a-days. Waste from industries using chemicals and synthetics, biomedical waste are hazardous or dangerous waste too.The Indian Penal Code and Solid Waste ManagementThe Indian Penal Code of 1860 has dealt with solid waste management under Chapter XIV of offences affecting the public health, safety, convenience, decency and morals. Since, solid waste gives rise to various type of diseases and is dangerous to public health, it has been treated as public nuisance and has been made punishable. exclusively there is no direct section in the Code which deals with the problem of solid waste.Provisions under the wrong Procedure Code, 1973Section 133 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 deals with removal of nuisance and empowers the Sub-Divisional Magistrate or any executive Magistrate, on receiving report/information, to make order to remove the public nuisance and come to an end from carrying any trade, business which is causing public nuisance. The Court have made use of Section 133 of the Code widely to deal with the problem of solid waste management. In the famous case of Municipal Corporation, Ratlam v. Shri Vardhichand16Justice Krishna Iyer tell that the guns of Section 133 go into action wherever there is public nuisance. The public power of the Magistrate under the Code is a public duty to the members of the public who are victims of the nuisance. If the order is defied or ignored, Section 188, I.P.C. comes into penal play. It was further, observed that compulsory tone of S.133, Cr.P.C. read with the punitive temper of S.188 I.P.C. makes the prohibitory act a mandatory duty.The Court also pointed out that Article 47 of the Indian Constitute makes it a paramount principle of governance that steps are taken for the improvement of public health as amongst its primary duties.Right to sanitiza tion, tolerable and dignified lifeThe courts on various occasions have declared in unequivocal terms that maintenance of health, preservation of sanitation falls within the purview of Article 21 of the Constitution as it adversely affects the life of the citizen and it amounts to slow poisoning and reducing the life of the citizen because of the hazards created, if not checked. The court have also declared that it is a primary, mandatory and bounden duty of the municipal corporations/ councils to remove rubbish, filth, night soil or any noxious or offensive matter.17The Pollution Boards and its officers have a sanctioned duty under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 to stop unauthorised movement and/or disposal of the waste. They are also empowered to take action against slip industries and persons. In Virendar Gaur v. State of Haryana and in many other cases, the Supreme Court has time and again declared that right to life under Article 21 encompasses right to live with hum an dignity, quality of life, and decent environment. Thus, pollution free environment and proper sanitary condition in cities and towns, without which life cannot be enjoyed, is a integral facet of right to life.A Landmark CaseThe Supreme Court of India in Dr. B.L. Wadehra v. Union of India18, unquestionably pronouncement that the resident of Delhi have a statutory right to live in a clean city. Therefore, Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) and New Delhi Municipal Council (NMCD) are under a statutory obligation to scavenge and clean the city and it is mandatory for these authorities to collect and dispose of the garbage/waste generated from various sources in the city. It was further observed that non-availability o funds lack or inefficiency of the staff, insufficiency of machinery etc. cannot be pleaded as ground for non-performance of their statutory obligations.2.7 The new Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2011New rules in India have tabu the use of plastic sache ts for storing and selling food and tobacco products, and both recycled and compostable bags used for carrying foodstuffs have also been banned.The new Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2011 have not entirely banned recycled plastic bags, but in addition to their restrictions on carrying food items, they essential conform to a number of other rules laid down by the Bureau of Indian Standards, one of which states The plastic carrying bags shall either be white or only with those pigments and colourants which are in accord with the bar prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards. Bags should also be no less than 40 microns in ponderousness, double the thickness mandatory under previous rules. Officials hope the new rules will achieve thickness uniformity throughout the country.19Chapter 3 SuggestionsIn such cases one has to adopt cradle to grave solutions from generation to final disposal of the wastes. This is particularly inbred with the waste including toxic and ha zardous wastes. To contain and control the problem, there must be awareness program to reduce solid waste, to reuse the things if possible and to recycle the wastes like paper waste. Thus, it deals attitudinal change amongst the people before we endanger to strengthen the existing laws and implement them effectively and efficientlyReprocess the wastes to incur energy and material.Separate hazardous waste from other source material for efficient handling.Incinerate or otherwise convert hazardous wastes to non-hazardous wastes.To encourage recycling of material, some motivation be given.Efficient laws alone cannot solve the problem, unless we have efficient mechanism to implement, will of the government to implement and attitudinal change among the masses is neededMultiplicity of laws and multitudinous authorities cannot overcome such problem unless people are made aware of the adverse effects of this problem and they abide by laws with an aim to safeguard the present and future g eneration.Municipal corporation is a local authority within the import of State under Article 12 of the Constitution and it is Statutory duty to collect, store, transport, process and dispose of the municipal soiled wastes and see the health hygiene of the public is maintained.Report anyone who actively dumps waste to the appropriate authorities.Reduce, re-use and recycle. trumpery Bottles or jars can be reused or taken to a bottle bank for recycling.Metals Used aluminum and steel cans can be quiet as scrap and smelted for re-use. Avoid batteries. They contain a range of metals but are difficult to recycle.Plastics Many drink bottles are made from a plastic called PET, which can be re-used.Vegetable Waste A pailful with a lid makes a good container for vegetable waste that can be regularly added to the compost heap for use in the garden.Efforts at individual levels should be promoted.People should form the habit of storing waste at source in their own houses and deposit such wa ste into the municipal system only.20ConclusionThe apathetic Governmental attitude towards the disposal of waste is a problem that has led to difficulties in implementation of The Municipal Solid Waste (Management Handling) Rules, 2000 as it has led to ignorance towards uncollected domestic waste. The waste treat and disposal facility has to be set up by the Municipal Authority on their ow